When selecting a wide format printer for technical drawings, precision, reliability, and media compatibility are key. The Canon imagePROGRAF TM-340 stands out as the best overall choice for its balanced performance and versatility. For those prioritizing color accuracy, the HP DesignJet T850 offers excellent output quality and a comprehensive warranty. If budget constraints are a concern, the HP T210 24-inch Plotter provides reliable performance at a lower price. The main tradeoffs involve balancing print speed, media handling, and upfront cost. Continue reading for a detailed breakdown and help finding the right fit for your technical drawing needs.
Get business pricing on monitors, keyboards and dev gear
- Business-only prices and quantity discounts
- Tax-exempt purchasing
- Multiple users, one account, clear invoices
Key Takeaways
- The top picks excel in print quality, media versatility, and user-friendly features.
- Most high-end models include extended warranties and support options, justifying higher prices.
- Budget options often have fewer media handling features but still produce accurate technical drawings.
- Size and media capacity vary significantly; larger models are suited for high-volume environments.
- Ease of use and maintenance are decisive factors, especially for teams with limited technical support.
| Canon imagePROGRAF TM-340 36-inch Large Format 5-Color Poster & Plotter Printer | ![]() | Best Overall for Small Offices and Entry-Level Users | Print Width: 36 inches | Color: 5-color pigment ink | Ink Capacity: 300 ml | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| HP DesignJet T850 Large Format 36-inch Color Plotter Printer, Includes 2-Year Warranty Care Pack | ![]() | Best for Professional Technical and CAD Drawings with Extended Support | Printer Type: Thermal Inkjet | Maximum Media Width: 36 inches | Media Handling: Roll feed, sheet feed, automatic cutter | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| HP DesignJet T830 Large Format Multifunction Wireless Plotter Printer – 24″ | ![]() | Best Compact Multifunction for Small Offices and On-the-Go Printing | Media Sizes: 8.3 to 24-in wide sheets; 11 to 24-in rolls | Media Handling: Sheet feed, roll feed, input tray | Connectivity: Wi-Fi, Gigabit Ethernet | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| HP DesignJet T210 Large Format 24-inch Plotter Printer | ![]() | Best for Budget-Conscious Small Offices and Educational Use | Media Sizes: Up to 24-inch wide media rolls and 13×19 sheets | Media Handling: Sheet feed, roll feed, automatic cutter | Connectivity: Gigabit Ethernet, USB 2.0, Wi-Fi | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| HP DesignJet T870 Large Format 24-inch Plotter Printer | ![]() | Best for Cost-Efficient, High-Quality Technical Prints | Media Sizes: Up to 24-inch wide media rolls | Media Handling: Sheet feed, roll feed, media bin | Connectivity: Gigabit Ethernet, Wi-Fi | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| HP DesignJet T210 Large Format 24-Inch Plotter Printer with 2-Year HP Care Pack | ![]() | Best Compact Choice for Small Offices | Media Size: Up to 24-inch wide media rolls, 13×19-inch sheets with optional feeder | Media Handling: Sheet feed, roll feed, automatic horizontal cutter | Print Speed: 45 seconds per page on A1/D size | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Canon imagePROGRAF TM-240 24-Inch Large Format Printer | ![]() | Best for High-Quality Color Printing | Printer Type: Inkjet | Maximum Print Size: 24 inches | Print Resolution: 2400 x 1200 dpi | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| HP DesignJet T630 Large Format 36-inch Plotter Printer with Auto Sheet Feeder, Media Bin & Stand | ![]() | Best Versatile 36-Inch Plotter for Medium-Size Projects | Media Sizes: Up to 36-inch wide media rolls, 13×19 inches sheets | Media Handling: Sheet feed, roll feed, automatic sheet/roll switch, media bin | Print Speed: Up to 30 seconds per page on A1/D size | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| HP DesignJet T650 Large Format 36-inch Plotter Printer, Includes 2-Year Onsite Warranty Support | ![]() | Best for Large-Scale, High-Speed Printing with Support | Media Size: Up to 36-inch wide media rolls, 13×19 inches sheets | Media Handling: Sheet feed, roll feed, automatic switch | Print Speed: Up to 26 seconds per page on A1/D | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| wide format printer for technical drawing | Media Handling | Print Speed | Memory | Connectivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Canon imagePROGRAF TM-340 36-i | — | — | — | Wired and Wireless (USB and Ethernet) |
| HP DesignJet T850 Large Format | Roll feed, sheet feed, automatic cutter | — | 1 GB | — |
| HP DesignJet T830 Large Format | Sheet feed, roll feed, input tray | Up to 26 sec/page on A1/D | 1 GB | Wi-Fi, Gigabit Ethernet |
| HP DesignJet T210 Large Format | Sheet feed, roll feed, automatic cutter | Up to 45 seconds per A1/D | 500MB | Gigabit Ethernet, USB 2.0, Wi-Fi |
| HP DesignJet T870 Large Format | Sheet feed, roll feed, media bin | Up to 21 seconds per A1/D | 1 GB | Gigabit Ethernet, Wi-Fi |
| HP DesignJet T210 Large Format | Sheet feed, roll feed, automatic horizontal cutter | 45 seconds per page on A1/D size | 500MB | Gigabit Ethernet, USB 2.0, Wi-Fi Direct, Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n |
| Canon imagePROGRAF TM-240 24-I | — | up to 3.2 ppm | — | — |
| HP DesignJet T630 Large Format | Sheet feed, roll feed, automatic sheet/roll switch, media bin | Up to 30 seconds per page on A1/D size | — | — |
| HP DesignJet T650 Large Format | Sheet feed, roll feed, automatic switch | Up to 26 seconds per page on A1/D | 1 GB | — |
More Details on Our Top Picks
Canon imagePROGRAF TM-340 36-inch Large Format 5-Color Poster & Plotter Printer
The Canon imagePROGRAF TM-340 stands out as the most versatile choice for those who need vibrant color output with straightforward operation. Its automatic color calibration and full-frontal media loading make it especially user-friendly for small spaces and less tech-savvy operators. Compared to the HP T830, it offers better color vibrancy and simplified workflow software but is limited to 36-inch media and may require some initial setup to optimize performance. The TM-340’s appeal lies in balancing ease of use with reliable quality, though it’s less suitable for high-volume or large-format needs beyond 36 inches.
Pros:- Vivid color output with automatic color calibration
- Easy media loading with full-frontal access
- Includes creative workflow software for versatile projects
- Energy-efficient and environmentally friendly
Cons:- Designed primarily for small-scale or entry-level use
- Limited to 36-inch media width, not suitable for larger formats
- Requires some technical setup for optimal performance
Best for: Small architectural firms, design studios, or educational labs needing reliable color output without extensive technical complexity.
Not ideal for: Large engineering firms or print shops requiring wider formats or high-volume production, as it’s limited to 36 inches and entry-level features.
- Print Width:36 inches
- Color:5-color pigment ink
- Ink Capacity:300 ml
- Connectivity:Wired and Wireless (USB and Ethernet)
- Energy Star:Yes
- Included Software:PosterArtist, Free Layout Plus, Direct Print Plus, Accounting Manager
Our verdict“This printer makes the most sense for small offices or educational environments needing vibrant color printing within a compact, easy-to-use package.”
HP DesignJet T850 Large Format 36-inch Color Plotter Printer, Includes 2-Year Warranty Care Pack
The HP DesignJet T850 offers precise line and text reproduction, making it a strong candidate for professional architects and engineers. Its media handling accommodates both roll and sheet formats, with a 2-year extended warranty that adds peace of mind for ongoing use. Compared with the Canon TM-340, it provides better durability and more comprehensive support, although it demands a larger footprint and comes at a higher initial cost. This model suits those who prioritize reliability and high-quality output over compactness or entry-level features.
Pros:- High-quality color printing with precise lines
- Versatile media handling for rolls and sheets
- Extended 2-year onsite and phone support
- Suitable for detailed technical drawings and maps
Cons:- Large footprint requiring significant space
- Limited to 36-inch media width
- Higher initial investment compared to smaller or less feature-rich models
Best for: Architectural firms and engineering teams needing dependable, high-precision technical prints with extended warranty support.
Not ideal for: Small startups or casual users with limited space, as its size and cost may be prohibitive for light or infrequent use.
- Printer Type:Thermal Inkjet
- Maximum Media Width:36 inches
- Media Handling:Roll feed, sheet feed, automatic cutter
- Memory:1 GB
- Supported Media:Bond, coated, heavyweight paper/media rolls
- Warranty:Extended 2-year limited
Our verdict“This printer is ideal for professionals who need consistent, accurate output and value extended support agreements.”
HP DesignJet T830 Large Format Multifunction Wireless Plotter Printer – 24″
The HP DesignJet T830 combines printing, scanning, and copying capabilities in a compact 24-inch package, making it suitable for small offices or mobile professionals. Its fast print speeds and support for wireless connectivity streamline workflows, though it sacrifices some media versatility and advanced features found in larger models. Compared with the T210, it offers a more integrated multifunction experience but at a slightly larger size. This pick excels for users needing versatile, space-saving device that can handle technical drawings without a dedicated large-format room.
Pros:- Compact size fits small office environments
- Supports mobile printing and wireless connectivity
- Fast print speeds for its size
- Supports scanning and copying in addition to printing
Cons:- Limited to 24-inch media width
- No touchscreen interface, which may reduce ease of use
- Optional accessory needed for sheet printing
Best for: Architects, contractors, or educators working in small spaces who need multifunction capabilities with decent speed and wireless options.
Not ideal for: High-volume print shops or users requiring wide-format (over 24 inches) or advanced color management, as it’s limited to 24 inches and basic features.
- Media Sizes:8.3 to 24-in wide sheets; 11 to 24-in rolls
- Media Handling:Sheet feed, roll feed, input tray
- Connectivity:Wi-Fi, Gigabit Ethernet
- Print Speed:Up to 26 sec/page on A1/D
- Memory:1 GB
- Supported Ink Cartridges:HP 728 series
Our verdict“This printer suits small teams needing versatile, wireless large-format printing within tight spaces without sacrificing speed.”
HP DesignJet T210 Large Format 24-inch Plotter Printer
The HP DesignJet T210 offers a practical solution for those needing quick, accurate prints in a compact form. Its high-speed output up to 45 seconds per A1/D page and easy management via HP Click software make it appealing for educational institutions and small design teams. Compared to the T830, it provides similar media width but with a focus on affordability and simplicity, though it lacks some of the advanced features and connectivity options. It’s best suited for users who prioritize speed and ease over extensive media handling or multifunction capabilities.
Pros:- Compact size ideal for small spaces
- Fast printing speeds for large-format documents
- Easy-to-use software for quick operation
- Supports multiple connectivity options
Cons:- Requires optional accessory for sheet printing
- Limited to 24-inch media width
- Lacks advanced color management features
Best for: Educational institutions, small firms, or design students needing fast, reliable prints without complex features.
Not ideal for: Large firms or professional print shops requiring wider formats or advanced color and media management, as it’s limited to 24 inches and basic features.
- Media Sizes:Up to 24-inch wide media rolls and 13×19 sheets
- Media Handling:Sheet feed, roll feed, automatic cutter
- Connectivity:Gigabit Ethernet, USB 2.0, Wi-Fi
- Print Speed:Up to 45 seconds per A1/D
- Memory:500MB
- Supported Ink Cartridges:HP 712
Our verdict“This model is perfect for budget-conscious users who need speedy, straightforward large-format printing in small spaces.”
HP DesignJet T870 Large Format 24-inch Plotter Printer
The HP DesignJet T870 is tailored for professionals seeking high-quality output with a focus on cost savings. Its ability to reduce ink usage by up to 95% makes routine printing more economical, especially for frequent technical drawings. Its media handling supports both rolls and sheets, and its inclusion of software simplifies operation and connectivity. When compared to the T210, it offers more features for cost-effective large-format printing, though its larger size and more complex setup could challenge beginners. It’s best suited for those balancing print quality, budget, and space.
Pros:- High-quality, precise wide-format printing
- Up to 95% less ink consumption for routine prints
- Supports multiple media types and sizes
- Simple connection options with software support
Cons:- Relatively large and may need significant space
- Setup can be complex for beginners
- Higher initial investment compared to basic models
Best for: Architects and engineers who print regularly and need reliable quality without high ongoing costs.
Not ideal for: Very small offices or casual users who do not require frequent large-format printing or are limited in space, due to its size and setup complexity.
- Media Sizes:Up to 24-inch wide media rolls
- Media Handling:Sheet feed, roll feed, media bin
- Connectivity:Gigabit Ethernet, Wi-Fi
- Print Speed:Up to 21 seconds per A1/D
- Memory:1 GB
- Supported Ink Cartridges:HP 738
Our verdict“This printer offers a cost-efficient solution for professionals who need consistent, high-quality technical prints regularly.”
HP DesignJet T210 Large Format 24-Inch Plotter Printer with 2-Year HP Care Pack
The HP DesignJet T210 stands out for its compact footprint, making it an excellent fit for small architecture or engineering firms with limited space. Compared to the larger T630 or T650, it sacrifices media width capacity but excels in ease of setup and remote management, thanks to its user-friendly software and Wi-Fi capabilities. Its support for media up to 24 inches and quick print speeds of 45 seconds per page enable efficient workflow for technical drawings and posters. However, the limited media width and optional accessory for sheet printing can be constraints for those needing larger formats or more versatile media handling. This pick makes the most sense for small teams prioritizing space and straightforward operation over ultra-large formats.Pros:- Compact design fits well in small office spaces
- Supports fast printing speeds up to 45 seconds per page
- Easy-to-use software for quick poster creation
- Remote management via HP Smart app
Cons:- Limited to 24-inch media width, not suitable for larger projects
- Requires optional accessory for sheet printing
- Setup can be complex for users unfamiliar with network printers
Best for: Small architectural or engineering offices needing reliable, space-efficient large-format printing
Not ideal for: Design firms requiring larger media widths or complex media handling features
- Media Size:Up to 24-inch wide media rolls, 13×19-inch sheets with optional feeder
- Media Handling:Sheet feed, roll feed, automatic horizontal cutter
- Print Speed:45 seconds per page on A1/D size
- Memory:500MB
- Connectivity:Gigabit Ethernet, USB 2.0, Wi-Fi Direct, Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n
- Eco Features:Uses up to 95% less ink for maintenance, reduces CO2 emissions by 7.3 tons/year
Our verdict“This printer is ideal for small teams seeking a space-saving, straightforward large-format printer for technical drawings and posters.”
Canon imagePROGRAF TM-240 24-Inch Large Format Printer
The Canon imagePROGRAF TM-240 is tailored for professionals who need sharp, vibrant color outputs on medium-sized media. Its high resolution of 2400 x 1200 dpi outperforms many competitors like the HP T210, especially when color fidelity and detail are critical. With a fast print speed of up to 3.2 ppm, it handles busy workflows efficiently, and its water-resistant inks make it suitable for outdoor signage. Compared to the more compact T210, the TM-240 is heavier and larger, demanding more space in a dedicated print area. Its single tray limits media versatility, and its basic scanner may not suffice for extensive copying needs. This model makes the most sense for users prioritizing high-quality, durable color output over compact form factor.Pros:- High-resolution 2400 x 1200 dpi output for sharp images
- Fast printing speeds suitable for busy environments
- Water-resistant inks ideal for outdoor signage
- Automatic media detection and color calibration
Cons:- Heavy and large, requiring substantial space
- Limited to a single media tray
- Basic scanner functionality may not meet advanced needs
Best for: Designers and engineers needing high-resolution, water-resistant prints for outdoor or professional display use
Not ideal for: Small offices or teams with limited space or those requiring frequent scanning of large documents
- Printer Type:Inkjet
- Maximum Print Size:24 inches
- Print Resolution:2400 x 1200 dpi
- Print Speed:up to 3.2 ppm
- Ink Color:5-color set
- Item Weight:88.2 pounds
Our verdict“This printer is great for professionals who need high-quality, durable color prints, especially for outdoor or display purposes.”
HP DesignJet T630 Large Format 36-inch Plotter Printer with Auto Sheet Feeder, Media Bin & Stand
The HP DesignJet T630 offers a compelling balance of size and speed, making it suitable for busy architectural and engineering environments that need larger media capacity. Its 36-inch width supports wider technical drawings and posters, competing well with the T650 but at a lower price point. The T630’s automatic sheet feeder and media bin streamline workflows, especially for teams handling multiple small to medium-format documents. Its fast print speed of up to 30 seconds per page on A1/D size makes it practical for high-volume tasks. However, it’s strictly a large-format printer, so it won’t handle small documents, and setup and calibration are necessary for optimal results. This model is best for users who need reliable, high-quality large format printing without the premium cost of the T650.Pros:- Supports media up to 36 inches wide for larger projects
- Fast print speeds improve productivity
- Includes automatic sheet feeder and media bin
- High-quality, accurate line and color output
Cons:- Limited to large-format printing only
- Requires setup and calibration for best results
- Higher initial cost for professional features
Best for: Medium-sized architecture or engineering firms with frequent need for 36-inch wide technical drawings
Not ideal for: Small offices or users requiring frequent, detailed scanning or small document handling
- Media Sizes:Up to 36-inch wide media rolls, 13×19 inches sheets
- Media Handling:Sheet feed, roll feed, automatic sheet/roll switch, media bin
- Print Speed:Up to 30 seconds per page on A1/D size
- Onboard Memory:1 GB
- Eco Features:Uses up to 95% less ink for routine maintenance
- Included Accessories:Automatic sheet feeder, media bin, stand
Our verdict“This printer suits teams needing reliable, fast large-format output for medium-sized projects with wider media needs.”
HP DesignJet T650 Large Format 36-inch Plotter Printer, Includes 2-Year Onsite Warranty Support
The HP DesignJet T650 combines large media capacity with high-speed printing, making it ideal for busy offices handling extensive technical drawings, posters, and maps. Its 36-inch media support surpasses the T210 and T630, offering more flexibility for large projects. Its print speed of up to 26 seconds per A1/D plot improves efficiency, while the cost-efficient ink system reduces ongoing expenses, a clear advantage over some competitors with higher consumable costs. The T650’s wireless connectivity simplifies remote printing, but setup and calibration can be complex for those unfamiliar with large-format printers. Also, it is limited to large-format projects, so small document handling is not supported. It’s best suited for teams that prioritize speed and media width, with the backing of a 2-year onsite warranty for peace of mind.Pros:- Supports media up to 36 inches wide for large projects
- High-speed printing up to 26 seconds per A1/D plot
- Cost-efficient ink system reduces routine maintenance costs
- Wireless and network connectivity for remote printing
Cons:- Limited to large-format printing, not suitable for small documents
- Complex setup and calibration process
- Requires additional accessories for sheet handling
Best for: Architects and engineers managing large, high-volume projects requiring wide media and fast turnaround
Not ideal for: Small practices with limited space or those primarily printing small-format documents
- Media Size:Up to 36-inch wide media rolls, 13×19 inches sheets
- Media Handling:Sheet feed, roll feed, automatic switch
- Print Speed:Up to 26 seconds per page on A1/D
- Memory:1 GB
- Eco Features:Uses up to 95% less ink
- Included Ink:HP 712 Original Ink cartridges
Our verdict“This printer is best for high-volume, large-format projects demanding fast turnaround and wide media support, backed by onsite warranty.”

How We Picked
Our evaluation focused on performance, media handling, ease of use, build quality, and value for money. We compared specifications like maximum print width, resolution, ink durability, and connectivity options. Additionally, we considered user reviews and manufacturer support to gauge reliability and ease of maintenance. Products were ranked based on how well they balanced these factors for professional technical drawing applications, with particular attention to those suitable for frequent use in architectural, engineering, or design firms.| wide format printer for technical drawing | Connectivity |
|---|---|
| Canon imagePROGRAF TM-340 36-i | Wired and Wireless (USB and Ethernet) |
| HP DesignJet T850 Large Format | — |
| HP DesignJet T830 Large Format | Wi-Fi, Gigabit Ethernet |
| HP DesignJet T210 Large Format | Gigabit Ethernet, USB 2.0, Wi-Fi |
| HP DesignJet T870 Large Format | Gigabit Ethernet, Wi-Fi |
| HP DesignJet T210 Large Format | Gigabit Ethernet, USB 2.0, Wi-Fi Direct, Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n |
| Canon imagePROGRAF TM-240 24-I | — |
| HP DesignJet T630 Large Format | — |
| HP DesignJet T650 Large Format | — |
Factors to Consider When Choosing Wide Format Printer For Technical Drawings
Choosing the right wide format printer for technical drawings involves more than just print size. You should consider media compatibility, print resolution, speed, and connectivity options. Additionally, think about ongoing costs like ink and maintenance, which can significantly impact overall value. Understanding these factors can prevent costly mistakes and help you select a model that fits your workflow and budget.Print Quality and Resolution
High resolution is essential for detailed technical drawings, ensuring lines are sharp and precise. Look for printers with at least 1200 dpi for professional accuracy. However, higher resolution often means longer print times and higher ink consumption. Balance your need for detail with productivity, especially if you handle large volumes regularly.
Media Compatibility and Handling
Technical drawings often require specific media types, such as bond paper, mylar, or vellum. Ensure the printer supports your preferred media sizes and thicknesses. Consider models with automatic media feeders and roll support to streamline large jobs. Failing to check media compatibility can lead to frequent jams or subpar output quality.
Speed and Workflow Efficiency
Print speed can be a decisive factor if you’re producing numerous drawings daily. Look for models with faster first-page-out times and high pages-per-minute rates to keep up with tight deadlines. However, faster printers may come at a higher cost and sometimes compromise on quality, so weigh speed against output fidelity.
Connectivity and Integration
Reliable connectivity options like Wi-Fi, Ethernet, and USB are vital for seamless integration into your existing workflow. Network support allows multiple users to access the printer simultaneously, reducing delays. Some models also support mobile printing and cloud services, which can enhance flexibility for collaborative projects.
Cost of Ownership and Maintenance
Initial purchase price is just one part of the equation. Consider ongoing costs such as ink, media, and replacement parts. Ink cartridges with higher yields might cost more upfront but reduce per-page costs. Regular maintenance can extend the life of your printer, but it’s important to factor in the availability of support and spare parts to avoid downtime.
Frequently Asked Questions
How do I choose the right print width for my technical drawings?
Selecting the appropriate print width depends on the typical size of your drawings. For most architectural and engineering plans, a 36-inch printer covers the majority of standard sheet sizes and provides ample detail. If your work involves larger formats or specialized media, consider a wider model. Balancing size with available space and budget is key to making the best choice.
Is ink durability important for technical drawings?
Yes, ink durability affects how long your drawings remain legible and resistant to environmental factors like water and UV exposure. For outdoor or archival use, opt for printers with pigment-based inks, which generally last longer than dye-based options. This choice can add to initial costs but ensures your technical documents maintain clarity over time.
Can I use third-party inks to reduce costs?
While third-party inks can lower upfront expenses, they often come with risks like reduced print quality, potential printer damage, or voided warranties. For professional use, sticking with manufacturer-approved inks is advisable to maintain consistent output and avoid costly repairs or reprints. Consider the tradeoff between savings and long-term reliability.
What features should I prioritize for high-volume printing?
For frequent large-volume printing, prioritize models with high ink yields, fast print speeds, and automatic media feeders. Robust build quality and easy maintenance are also important to minimize downtime. Investing in a model with high-capacity media rolls and reliable support can significantly improve workflow efficiency over time.
Are multifunction printers worth considering for technical drawings?
Multifunction models that combine printing, scanning, and copying can offer added flexibility, especially if space is limited. However, these often come at a higher cost and may compromise on speed or quality for specific functions. If your primary need is high-quality technical printing, dedicated printers typically provide better performance and reliability.
Conclusion
The best overall choice for most users is the Canon imagePROGRAF TM-340, thanks to its balance of quality, media support, and ease of use. For those seeking the best value, the HP T210 24-inch Plotter offers reliable performance at a lower price point. If premium features and maximum durability matter, the HP DesignJet T850 stands out with extended warranty options. Beginners or smaller offices will find the HP T210 ideal, while larger firms with high-volume needs should consider models like the HP T870 or T650. Ultimately, your choice should align with your specific technical drawing volume, workspace, and budget constraints.Halloween Picks
halloween
As an affiliate, we earn on qualifying purchases.








